Posts Tagged ‘Spirituality’

As a Third Degree Dedicant and Second Degree Initiated Priestess of the Sacred Mists Coven, I have spent many years studying, writing about, and thinking about the polar opposites that are Goddess and God, and of the manifestations of energy patterns in my world that correspond with the purest and highest of energies that are the Sacred Feminine and the Sacred Masculine. I see these patterns everywhere in the workings of man and of Nature, sometimes a combination of the Two, and other times a preference for One or the Other. No matter how polarized these energies may manifest in an individual situation, when I look at the overall picture I always see the dynamic balance that can happen when “different” is combined with “equal.”

A state of balance (or the lack thereof) has been a periodically intense part of my evolution and growth; when I have it, life itself seems effortless, and when I don’t have it, I seem to be surrounded by a brick wall stretching upward into the clouds, with footings deep in the earth below me. Why is it so easy for us to sense when we have balance, and why is it so difficult to attain if we don’t have it? My typical “language” for answering tough questions is the Tarot, and since this is a tough question, I pulled out several of my decks; here is what my cards told me about the concept of balance.

Both The Hanging Man and the Temperance card of the Major Arcana came to mind almost immediately; after all, the word “balance” is found in my keyword for each of these cards. But although both cards are a symbol or manifestation of balance, The Hanging Man is not Temperance; each card has a different feel to it. Could there be two versions of balance?

First, The Hanging Man. Besides balance, The Hanging Man is about voluntary and involuntary surrender; it is the archetype of sacrifice and initiation. The Hanging Man also corresponds to the element of Water, the planet Neptune, and the Hebrew letter Mem (which corresponds to Water, and stability and balance). It represents the Path between Hod (analysis, science and teaching) and Geburah (challenges, sacrifice and destruction, all of which release energy back into the system) on the Tree of Life.

The crossed legs of The Hanging Man represent the Cross of Hermes and this pose shows up on another Major Arcana card, The Emperor. This commonality reminds us that The Hanging Man, who has learned that surrender and sacrifice are the best tools, is in many ways the polar opposite of The Emperor. The Hanging Man also corresponds with The Fool, who seems to be surrendering to both the sun in the sky and the cliff beneath his feet as he commences his journey. The Hanging Man is also linked to the Death card, which is seen to be the next step after the voluntary surrender that brings his change of perspective, and The Moon card and illusion, another change of perspective.

The Hanging Man certainly values polar opposites, however it does not ask me to do anything with opposing forces but rather, to allow them to wash over me with the understanding that both comfort and discomfort have important places in my life. Many spiritual traditions teach us how to act, how to use intentions as a catalyst, and how to use our Will to manifest our goals; that is one side of the coin. A more difficult lesson to learn is that which shows us that those instances we most feel we want to control are the instances where we will be better served by surrendering. The cool thing about The Hanging Man is that he is not really hanging, he is balanced. By surrendering, he is in “suspension,” a state that can only be achieved by balancing opposing forces.

The Legacy of the Divine Hanging Man contains a symbol that illustrates this concept: an hourglass balanced on its side (the balance could not happen unless the hourglass was suspended with equal amounts of sand on each side). This is the kind of balance taught to us by our efforts to grow and evolve, for in order to practice our Craft well, we need to balance our focus between the inner world and the outer world, between receiving knowledge and sharing knowledge, between actively experiencing life and receiving glimpses of the workings of the Machinery of the Universe.

The Pearls of Wisdom Hanging Man represents cheerful sacrifice and surrender to the inevitable. It also refers to the deep emotional content buried in the subconscious mind that is made available to the conscious mind by the shock of altering perceptions. We are being told that despite feeling bound and restricted (or maybe because of those binds that restrict us), we are able to surrender to the entire event. We are emancipated from restrictions by surrendering to them, and we are freed from the fear of loss because we cannot act to prevent loss!

The Thoth Hanging Man seems to tell of waiting for something to happen, perhaps with a sense of fatalism arising from within (rather than from without, as portrayed by The Wheel of Fortune). It tells of the descent of Spirit into matter.

The Llewellyn Welsh Hanging Man tells of being detached and isolated, and reminds us that the silence of constraint brings deeper self-knowledge.

Out of the entire Tarot deck, The Hanging Man is the one card that represents true paradox. Think about it . . . who surrenders in order to win a battle? The Hanging Man does, and very effectively!

Next, the Temperance card. Temperance represents synergy, which is also a form of balance; it is the archetype of the union of opposites. Temperance corresponds with Fire, the mutable Fire sign of Sagittarius, and the Hebrew letter Samekh (the tent post or support). On the Tree of Life, Temperance is the Path between Yesod (the home of the self and the life force; the bridge between the physical and the non-physical) and Tiphareth (the hub of the creation process, where energies harmonize and focus in order to illuminate and clarify). Unlike The Hanging Man, which is not about accomplishments, the Temperance card teaches us to cope with many different projects at the same time; the energies of this card offer a sort of freedom from stress, rather than from ties that bind.

Temperance has a connection to The Tower, which is also a card of extremes, however the energies of The Tower are a direct result of an imbalance rather than the balance to be found in Temperance. The World/Universe is about the unity and synergy that can result from the balance of opposites that Temperance brings us, and The Sun is about the personal vitality, enlightenment and confidence that can be achieved through a disciplined application of that balance.

The cool thing about Temperance is that it promotes both balance and equilibrium, but it also tells us that in order to attain and understand balance, we need to experience and understand extremes. We need to not only learn about the insight, illumination and expansion of The Sun, but we must also contrive to experience these extremes in our own lives. Likewise, the sudden upheaval, chaos, humility and blow to the ego of The Tower must be both understood and personally experienced in order to receive the insights offered by its devastation. Most importantly, we need to learn by trial and error, or by experiencing both failure and success, for it is only through knowing and understanding both that we are able to refine our perceptions of our world, and reconcile and unite extremes together in order to form balance.

The Legacy of the Divine Temperance card tells us that balance is fond by making continual adjustments and by getting the mixture right. It also reminds us that our hardships make us stronger and more refined.

The Pearls of Wisdom Temperance card reminds us that the process of tempering is connected to alchemic processes, of science combining with mysticism, of the irreconcilable being reconciled, in order to offer a vision of a future transformation. The image on this version of Temperance is partially blurred, reminding us that the union of opposites presented by Temperance is a temporary state.

The Thoth Temperance card, named “Art” by Aleister Crowley, tells us to “transmute all wholly into the Image of thy Will, bringing each to its true token of Perfection.” Crowley sees this card as representing the arts of magick and alchemy, and actions that are based on accurate calculations.

The Llewellyn Welsh Temperance card tells of both moderation and adaptation, and grace under pressure; and it tells of being a survivor. Now, that is interesting.

Temperance is indeed quite different from The Hanging Man, even though they both profess to manifest balance. It appears that I have found my two sides of balance, an outer and active version, and an inner and receptive version.

You can experience the two sides to balance, too. Try balancing on one foot; you will experience the kind of balance to be found in the Temperance card. This is active balance, and it can only be achieved by the imposition of equal yet opposite forces (gravity, and the efforts of your muscles to counteract that gravity). Then remember the last time you put on a life vest and floated in the deep end of a pool or lake, allowing the breeze and the currents to gently carry you here and there. In surrendering to the effects of the elements, you just may have experienced a moment of serene balance that never would have come to you if you tried to actively paddle to your own intended destination.

Perhaps by understanding the two sides of balance, we will be better able to manifest balance within our lives. What kind of balance are you looking for today?

Sources:
Sacred Mists Degree Training
Sacred Mists Tarot Class
The LWB’s that come with the Gateway to the Divine Tarot, the Llewellyn Welsh Tarot, the Pearls of Wisdom Tarot, and the Thoth Tarot.

Prayer and song are elements of religious culture which anthropologists assume were some of the key early features of the world’s first religions thousands of years ago. The spoken or sung verbalization of a wish, a cry for help, a thank you and other types of prayer formalizes the supplicant’s desire ~ pushing it out from them and into the wider cosmos. It is a beautiful expression which bridges the gap between human and divine.

With the advent of writing in ancient Mesopotamia, these prayers began to be written down ~ their power deriving now as much from the vocalization of the desire as from the act of being written. Early writing was considered sacred. The knowledge of being able to read and write was a powerful skill; one which was possessed by the rare few; in fact, initially only priests, royal administrators, their scribes, and occasionally the royals themselves were capable of writing and reading. It was used as much for organizing the newly expanding Empires of the world as it was for magickal purposes. Over time, it would filter down to the merchants and beyond, sifting down through the ages until the invention of the printing press in China in the sixth century AD and the later, more prominent Western discovery of the printing press in the mid-fifteenth century, and the wider spread of literacy that ensued because of these discoveries. But in ancient Mesopotamia, the power of the written prayer was myriad, and was used to call upon the gods for a vast array of purposes.

The following prayer, or hymn, to the goddess Ishtar is from approximately 1600 BCE, during the first Dynasty of Babylon. It was written in cuneiform on behalf of the King Ammiditana, and survived the ages, to be deciphered by the archaeologists of the early twentieth century and ultimately read by you, dear reader, at the beginning of the twenty-first.

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An interview with Kenny Klein!

We now continue with on with our series of interviews with influential pagan authors, teachers, musicians and leaders.

Kenny Klein has been a part of our pagan community for many years now. He gives lectures, sings, plays the fiddle, a great photographer, an author, and a writer. I have had the pleasure of meeting and seeing Kenny perform a few times at the Starwood festival. It’s always a pleasure to talk to Kenny and to hear what he has to say!

Bernadette:
Kenny, congratulations on your new book “Through The Faerie Glass“, can you tell me a bit of what it’s about?

Kenny:
Well, in a nutshell, it’s an examination of how Faeries are viewed in traditional folklore, especially ages old songs from Britain and other parts of Europe. Our modern culture tends to view “fairies” as Tinker Bell, cute little flitting creatures who dance on flowers. But folklore paints a very different story. These are nasty, creepy, sexual creatures whose dealings with humans often goes very badly for the human!

Bernadette:
It’s a much “darker” aspect of fairies. What inspired you to write this book?

Kenny:
In general I’ve been singing the traditional songs and telling the stories all my life. I’ve known the presence of Faeries all that time as well. I grew up in mid-state New York, which is a very enchanted area. Washington Irving and Poe both wrote about the magic of that area, along the Hudson River and in the Palisades. It’s a creepy, eerie, spooky environment dripping with very tangible enchantment, and I do not use the word enchantment in the Disney sense!

In specific, i was at a Pagan festival in Canada a few years ago, and as part of my schedule at that festival I did a workshop on Faerie lore. A young woman approached me and said “I’ve studied Faeries all my life, and you know more than anyone I’ve ever met! You have to write a book.” I’d thought many times about writing a book, but somehow this woman saying that was the catalyst. Just a few months later I ran into Elysia Gallo from Llewellyn, and mentioned that I’d been writing this book, and she got very excited. It was the right book at the right time for the right publisher, one of those magical things that just happens.

Bernadette:
Can you tell us about “The Flowering Rod“?

The Flowering Rod is as book about the role of men in Paganism, and especially in Wicca. I wrote the book in the early ’90s, when there were many books written about women in Paganism and magick, but few to none about men. Unfortunately the publisher went out of business about a minute after the book came out, so it was out of print for years. It’s finally back in print, and available on Amazon and a few other sites.

One thing I loved about writing The Flowering Rod was that I could write rituals for groups of men or groups of men and women to perform. I’ve since seen several groups use my material in their rituals. It’s very rewarding.

Bernadette:
What projects do you have coming up?

Kenny:
Right now I’m finishing up a tour that has already taken me to ten or twelve states (of the United States—there have been many more states of mind during the tour than just that). I have about a month to go, then I head home for a while, though I plan to move to a completely different home in the next few months, so the move may be a huge project for me. I will spend the winter working on collectible dolls, recording a new CD, and continuing to write a novel based on the Faerie lore in my books. I’m also finishing my next book for Llewellyn, which is a similar treatment to Faerie Glass, but focuses on the Grimms fairy Tales. There will be a ritual or a spell for each of the tales the books looks at. That book is slated to be out in May of 2011. I’m pretty excited about it.

Bernadette:
You have contributed much to our pagan community. Can you tell us what you think of the state of our pagan community today? What differences to you see as compared to what is was in the 1980′s?

Kenny:
Oh gosh what a loaded question!!! Well certainly the Internet has had a huge impact on the Pagan community. We’re seeing two extremes because of technology: people finding it much easier to locate other Pagans than thirty years ago (in the ’80s you had to skulk around metaphysical bookstores hoping someone would notice you and invite you to join a group); and paradoxically, many more Pagans practicing “solitary.” I think there are pros and cons to both. While there are many very excellent groups out there, there are as many charlatans pretending to teach the craft as an excuse to promote their own agenda (manipulation, sex, control). So for many people joining a group is a challenge, despite the technology that makes finding groups so much easier. On the other hand, when one learns and practices alone, there is no one to fill in gaps, push one to strive for greater learning and experience, or steer one in the right direction. Self taught Pagans often have huge gaps in their knowledge of the religion and its traditions.

As a community, we have not yet arrived at anything like a happy medium. I will say that I encourage all Pagans to attend Pagan festivals (days long and week long camping events, like PSG, Free Spirit Gathering, Rites of Spring, Starwood, Sirius Rising and Wisteria Summer Solstice, all as opposed to one day events like a Pagan Pride day). these festivals expose Pagans to experienced teachers, various traditions, a wealth of ritual styles, and the sheer hedonistic joy of bonfire dancing, drumming, concerts and Pagan community and companionship. Many web sites list a multitude of Pagan festivals. they are worth investigating.

Bernadette:
I have been doing a lot of research lately into The Blue Star Tradition. Can you tell us a bit about Blue Star? Why do you think it it appealed to so many people? How has it evolved over the years? Do you still teach?

Kenny:
Blue Star is, I think, the oldest American born Wiccan tradition. Meaning, most of our traditional Wicca was born in England. Blue Star was created in Philadelphia.

Blue Star is a very traditional Wiccan path, with set rituals that vary very little from time to time (other than the specific work of that time of the year or the moon); we worship the old Gods/Goddesses of Europe (I am very staid in the notion that Wicca is European Paganism only, and if one is worshiping Egyptian, Chinese, American Indian or African deities, while it is powerful Paganism, it is not Wicca); we have a very set syllabus of teaching that involves experiential learning as well as reading and classes (most of what we teach is transmitted orally; very few books contain what we teach).

It’s serious, but fun too. We eat a lot!!!!

Bernadette:
Where do you see our pagan community going these days, as compared to when you first started?

Kenny:
Another loaded question… I think the Pagan music scene is in amazing shape compared to when I entered it. In the ’80s most Pagan music was being made by hobby musicians, who loved the Craft but had limited musical skills. Now I see bands like the Gypsy Nomads, Lunar Fore and Incus who are skilled professional musicians, and who tour the Pagan festival circuit (as I have done for three decades now…wow, I hate saying that!). Unfortunately I think these amazing Pagan musicians are under-appreciated by the community in general. Few Pagans seem to realize that there are “out” Pagans playing Pagan music for Pagans; many still refer to Stevie Nicks and Loreena McKennitt as Pagan music—both superb musicians and performers, but not “out” pagans playing music for a targeted Pagan audience.

In terms of knowledge, I think we are seeing a generation of experienced teachers fading away (we just lost a great teacher and scholar, Isaac Bonewits), and very few younger teachers of their caliber stepping into their shoes. Jason Mankey is a rising star, and a few others stand out, but there will be a sad vacuum in a few years. This concerns me deeply.

I hope to see more Pagans taking advantage of Pagan festivals and gatherings. They are great ways to connect to knowledge, experience and community. We now have several facilities that host various week-long Pagan events: the best of them are Wisteria, Brushwood, Diana’s Grove and Camp Gaia.

Bernadette:
Can you tell me more about your work with “Blythe” dolls? What attracted you to them and how do you customize them?

Kenny:
Blythe dolls are collectible dolls that first appeared as children’s toys in 1972, and through the efforts of a woman named Gina Garan became an iconic collectible doll (www.thisisblythe.com). I fell in love with Blythe in 2000 when I saw Gina’s photographs of her in a gallery in Los Angeles. In the last year I’ve gotten involved with the art project of creating unique customized Blythe dolls (www.kennyklein.net/dolls.html). I take commissions for custom work. I also love my girls and talk to them. I’m a little weird I guess.

Bernadette:
Music has and always will change. You had roots in the punk scene (just like I did!)-did this influence you in the music that you do today? What do you listen too? What can we expect from Kenny Klein in the future?

Kenny:
In my most active Punk years I was very excited about the British New Romantics movement, and listened to bands like Bow Wow Wow, Adam and the Ants, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and ska bands like Madness and the Specials. I still listen to these bands. I also bonded with my friends in the East Village: the Bad Brains (who lived in my kitchen for a while), the Cro Mags, the Undead, Agnostic Front, the Lunachicks, the Beastie Boys and Luscious Jackson. I still see some of these people from time to time.

Some of that music made its way into my playing and recording, most notably on my CD The Fairy Queen, which has a good deal of Dark Wave music on it (I did that CD with singing partner Lori Watley, who has a great Siouxsie-esque voice). But I’m also influenced by British Folk, Americana, Delta Blues and contemporary singer-songwriters like Tori Amos, Poe, Richard Thompson, Rasputina’s Melora Creager and the Ditty Bops to name a tiny few. My next recorded music project will be a follow up to my CD “Meet Me In The Shade Of The Maple Tree,” which is the world’s first CD of Pagan Bluegrass music: it will be the world’s first CD of Pagan Delta Blues and Jugband music.

The following was written by Kenny Klein for a memorial to Isaac Bonewits, in Orange County, NY.

Verses for Isaac
Kenny Klein, 8/25/10

Many see the stars above us
Few the sparkle there
Inscrib’d wi’ the spear and torc
Of mighty Gods, and fair

Those that stand to light the way
Bright lanterns in the mire
Let them be immortalized
Though time may still their fire

Here now lieth such a one
A pilgrim of the path
Whose flame that lit the mighty cliff
did many seek to grasp

Let all imbued with true desire
To know the Gods of old
Hallow he interr’d here
A heart of faith, and gold

Suggested links:

Kenny Klein
www.kennyklein.net

The Gypsy Nomads
www.thegypsynomads.com

Jason Mankey
www.panmankey.com

Gina Garan
www.thisisblythe.com

Incus
www.incus.net

I pulled out my advice card for the day, and what I pulled out, was The Two of Pentacles.  Looks like I need to get things in order today!  If you look at the illustration, it looks like a young man juggling two pentacles or discs.  Notice that he is standing one one foot and that there is water behind him.  The water is very wavy and there are two boats, one small and one large,  trying to maneuver those big waves.  There is a  need to find a balance between two main things in my life.  Work and family is what stands out to me.  Is one aspect of my life, being sacrificed for the other?  Am I juggling too many things in my life right now?

Take a look at the things in your life.  Are you being pulled apart right now?  Pay attention to your stress levels now.  You may need to pull back right now.  Now would be a great time to take some time off and regroup so you can start fresh!  Weed out what you don’t need right now and pay attention to just the important things for now.  How have things been going in your love life?  Have you been paying attention to your loved one?  Sometimes we get so caught up in doing soo many mundane things that our love life, or spiritual lives suffer.  How have your finances been?  What comes comes to my mind, when I look at this card, is what I call “BINGE” spending.  Keep from spending too much right now.  Be conservative with your money.  Keep from overdoing or overextending yourself.

I would love to hear from you!  If you have any questions or would like to see me address anything in regards to the tarot, post it here.

Mankind has always had a special relationship with the stars. In the modern world we explore them scientifically: searching for the answers to the Big Questions regarding the origins of life and the extent of the wider universe around us. We look up at the stars through veils of ambient electric lights and smog, wishing upon them still. We escape to the countryside to truly see the stars as best we may, watching them in place of the television sets which usually fill our nightly vision.

And in so doing we are continuing a bond man and womankind has had with the stars from the very beginning. For much of the time mankind has walked the earth, we did not know the stars as we know them to be today: huge balls of plasma energy strung out in space billions of light years away. Instead, we held them on high as something else, something magickal. In ancient societies, when the sun went down, there was the vast illuminated landscape of a starry sky lurking above them: mysterious and constant. It was a distinct part of their cultural worldview; its placement in the heavens and its occasional idiosyncrasies explained as part of ancient mythologies and religions. Imagine their wonder looking up at the night sky and imagining it looking right back at them.

And bear in mind, that without electric lights to dim the view, the night sky would have been distinctly brighter and filled with finer textures and gradients of colors and lights. The Milky Way not a slightly filmier band across the sky but a broad avenue of swirling colors stretching across an upside down starscape: a fitting pathway for the gods or divine river among the cosmos.

Shooting stars in particular hold a special place with the cosmic mythologies of most ancient civilizations. For the falling star represents an interaction between man and the divine. It represents something moving from a heavenly cosmic plain to the mortal, earthly world. It was probably with some surprise that upon tracking the falling place of a “star” to earth, they would discover a small crater filled with a glassy rock, which, today of course, we call a meteorite. Many cultures venerated meteor rocks as powerful magickal talisman, sent from the sky gods to the denizens of earth. The ancient Greeks believed that finding one would bring you a year’s worth of good luck and a wish; and it is from them that we have ultimately inherited the idea of wishing upon a star. Native American medicine men have been known to wear them as protective amulets, passing them down through generation after generation of shaman as symbols of their power. And temples throughout the ancient Mediterranean were in possession of meteorites, likewise holding them as sacred objects. Even in the modern world, a meteorite is one of the most venerated objects in contemporary monotheistic religious practices: the Black Stone of the Ka’baa. Believed to have been sent from God to Abraham and then passed down to Mohammad, the Ka’baa stone is technically a relic of all three Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), and is the centerpiece of the holiest of holy Mosques in Mecca in modern Saudi Arabia, a former temple to the local Moon/Water God.

Falling stars have traditionally had a myriad of metaphysical and spiritual meanings behind them as well.
Stars are, in particular, frequently associated with the idea of the human soul. In the Teutonic mythology of central Europe, it was believed that every person was represented by a star which was attached to the ceiling of the sky by the threads of fate. And when Fate ended your story on earth, she would snip the thread attaching your star and it would fall, presaging your death. In Romania, there is a belief that the stars are candles lit by the gods (and later the saints) in honor of each person’s birth and that the brighter the star the greater the person. The falling star represents the soul’s final journey to the afterlife as it is being blown out and across the sky by the divine candle keepers. In these and other cultures, falling stars and meteor showers were celebrated ~ they honored the ancestors who had come before them, and in particular the newly deceased who were joining the ranks of the highly venerated generations who had come before.

Even in the Middle Ages after the triumph of Christianity, the pagan equation between shooting stars and the movement of souls could not be snuffed out entirely. And so it was vilified; the shooting stars were cast as the souls of evil and impious men being cast out of heaven and down into the bowels of the earth.

Shooting stars have and always will hold a special amazement to those viewing them. For their beauty alone they are worth staying up for. And if you’re ready for the long haul tonight or tomorrow night (August 12th and 13th respectively) and you live in the Northern Hemisphere~ you’re in luck! It’s the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower. Every year between August 9th and 14th, the Earth bumbles through the trail of rocky and icy debris left behind by the comet Swift-Tuttle: creating one of the most dependable and spectacular arrays of shooting stars on earth. It has, undoubtedly, been witnessed by man for millennia; though the first recorded instance of it did not occur until 36 AD in China; with the first official scientific description of the shower occurring almost 2000 years later in Belgium in 1835.

The Perseid meteor shower is named after its seeming origination in the nightsky from the constellation Perseus, itself named after the Greek hero of the same name. The stars which make up the constellation of Perseus have their own elaborate mythologies. In particular the star Algol; which, due to its variable eclipsing nature and unpredictable level of brightness was known first as the Gorgon’s Head after Perseus’ arch-nemesis the Gorgon Medusa, and then the Demon’s Head until it was simply just the Demon Star or the Ghoul Star (algol= al-ghoul). The shower was also later referred to in a more saintly manner. In medieval times they were called the Tears of St.
Lawrence in consideration of the fact that they would fall around his feast day on August 10th.

So if you can ~ go out late tonight or tomorrow night and watch the Perseids. Watch them and remember all those who have come before you to watch them down through the millennia. Watch them in honor of the souls they were said to represent. Watch them simply for the thrill of watching something so beautiful and cosmic and so beyond the human ken. Make some wishes. Catch one in your mind’s eye and never let it go.

Bibliography

Burke, J.G. 1986. Cosmic Debris: Meteorites in History. University of California Press.

Perseus Constellation: Myths, Stars, Deep Sky Objects, & Comets
Perseids: The Legendary Shower

Native American Landscapes at Lake Tahoe

In North American it is easy to forget how long mankind has been wandering around its sprawling landscape. History here seems to start post-conquest and often ignores the thousands upon thousands of years during which Native American groups initially crisscrossed the continent.

I myself was once guilty of this thinking. When I started my academic career I very pointedly steered myself towards classical Mediterranean subjects; explicitly ignoring the archaeology of my own American backyard. Older now, I recognize the error of my ways and the sublime interest and importance of all anthropological topics. I also recognize the primary reason why North American Indian topics are so easily overlooked by the education system and the media: lack of archaeological and anthropological evidence, and particularly lack of spectacular archaeological evidence. Alas, there will be no equivalent of Tut’s tomb in North America. But there is a rich and varied tapestry of ritual and mythology that belies this lack of archaeological evidence, perhaps making it all the more magickal for its mystery.

I recently had a chance to visit one of the most gorgeous natural wonders of North America, one which despite a loaded ancient past, is often ignored as a site of Native American importance: Lake Tahoe. Nestled in the Sierra Nevada mountains of northern California and Nevada, Lake Tahoe and its surrounding smaller lakes were created through a combination of fault line activity between the geological plates of the earth’s crust and the eruption of the nearby and now extinct Mount Pluto, which dammed up a large portion of the northern end of Lake Tahoe, resulting in the Lake’s particularly unique size and depth for the region. It is, in fact, the sixteenth deepest lake in the world, and the second deepest in North America.

Lake Tahoe is surrounded by ridiculously majestic mountains and strands upon strands of alpine trees. It is a place both of great beauty and abundant resources. It is no wonder that when mankind first migrated across the northern icy land bridges and into what is now the continental USA; many of them lingered by Lake Tahoe, refusing to follow their brethren farther south and east across the wider North American plains as indicated by the antiquity of the local dialect and its unique place within the linguistic branches of Native American culture. Classified in antiquity variously as the Martis complex and then the Kings Beach complex; when white settlers arrived in Lake Tahoe approximately 300 years ago, the local people called themselves the waashiw, which means ‘the people from here.’ A fitting term for a group who had indeed been ‘here’ as long as being there was humanly possible. Waashiw in turn was transliterated into the modern name for the group: the Washoe. The Washoe furthermore divided themselves up, not into tribes, for they did not consider themselves a tribe or to have smaller tribes within itself, but rather family units who associated themselves specifically with a particular side of the Lake. In my exploration of Lake Tahoe, I particularly explored the sacred sites round the south end of the Lake, the sites of the Washoe who called themselves Hanalelti.

Ritual Landscapes

The southern end of the lake encompasses both rocky cliffs dropping steeply into the freshwater below on its western side; narrow, boulder strewn beaches on its eastern, and gentle plains descending into the water between. It is a varied place. One minute you can be strolling through the forest with only trees ahead and the next you’re overlooking the lake in all its glory or below a pulsing waterfall. It is a place of natural wonder. And if it still conjures up images of a magickal landscape to modern eyes, one can be sure it did the same for ancient orbits. One of the widest trends in the majority of Native American mythology is its use of the local landscape to define itself. A tree is not simply a tree nor a mountain a mountain. They are ideas of a mythic place set in the mundane human world. They are portals into the Platonic realm of the otherworld where the divine shapes are kept. This tree is the tree of Ta-iw, the god of the sky; that rock is where the Star Wives fell to earth. Places were not simply places, they were a part of a cosmic mythos themselves.

Washoe rituals reflected this idea of space. The Washoe spent their summers up on the mountain slopes overlooking the lake, and their snowy winters and springs along the more congenial lake shore. This annual migration is reflected in what little is known of their rituals and where they were held. In September, when the pine-nuts, a Washoe staple food, were plentiful, they would hold the pine-nut dance, the Tlagum-las: a processional ceremony begun by the dance, culminated in the movement from the mountain slopes to the lake valleys as they harvested pine nuts along the way and ending again with the dance in their new encampment. They likewise had a similar acorn dance, the Mallun-las performed higher up the mountains at the elevations where the oak trees live and a Peleu-las, the jack-rabbit dance, performed in the forests to ensure a good hunt. As you can tell by the types of the festivals held, the Washoe were very interested in keeping their food supply bountiful, not surprising given the harshness their mountain winters.

Cave Rock: A Site of Shamanic Dreaming

The wisemen and women of the Washoe were likewise influenced by their landscapes. The Washoe believed that their shaman and herb-doctors (both of which, by the way, could traditionally be held by either a man or a woman: a delightful affirmative action rarity in the ancient world) earned their power and their sacred knowledge through dreams. And that dreams could be influenced by sleeping in certain sacred places within the landscape.

Cave Rock, on the southeastern shore of the lake is one such site. The Washoe believed that whilst sleeping in the caves there, their medicine men would be visited by the water sprites of the lake who would teach him or her about healing and potentially give them special medicinal powers. However, for all its magickal significance to the Washoe, Cave Rock, like much of the lake was sold to the US government by the Washoe between 1916-1924. And though a small national park hunkers just below it, much to my dismay, I learned on my trip that the actual caves themselves are now highway tunnels. To get round the eastern shore of the lake, one actually drives through these sacred caves on the main road just above Zephyr Cove. A very sad development indeed, and unfortunately just another in a long list of sites which have been regrettably misappropriated by the government or other agencies before their anthropological significance could be appreciated and the site thereby preserved.

The Mythic Origins of the Tahoe Landscape

But it was not just individual spots which held mythological and ritual significance to the Washoe. Local legend attributes the entire creation of the surrounding landscape to magick and myth. The following was recorded by local colonists attempting to document the fascinating anthropology and mythology of their Native American counterparts at the turn of the last century.

Legend has it that once upon a time, The Good Indian tried to cross the Sierra Nevada mountains. But he was being chased by an Evil Spirit who did not want him to reach his destination on the western side, so he beseeched the spirits of the earth and sky and a Good Spirit heard him and gave him a magickal branch. The Good Spirit informed the Good Indian that whenever he plucked a bit from the branch and dropped it on the earth, it would create a body of water behind him to slow the Evil Spirit down long enough for the Good Indian to get away. For the Evil Spirit could not cross water and would have to detour around it. The Good Indian continued along his way and when next the Evil Spirit caught up with him, the Good Indian attempted to use the magickal branch. But in his haste to use the magickal branch the first time; he snapped off a huge piece of it and tossed it to the ground, thus creating Lake Tahoe, Tahoe meaning ‘big water’ or ‘big lake’.

The Good Indian fled further south through the canyons but eventually the Evil Spirit caught up with him again, and so he tossed a second smaller bit of the magickal branch to the earth and it became ‘doolagoga’ aka Fallen Leaf Lake. The Evil Spirit was briefly detoured but kept at him, and the Good Indian kept right on making lakes behind him until finally he came out of the foothills of the Sierra Nevadas, thus reaching his destination and defeating the plan of the Evil Spirit to stop him. The Evil Spirit gave up and went away to torment another Good Indian and our Good Indian lived a long and happy life with the family he found in his new home.

My recent trip to Lake Tahoe and its sacred sites was, shall we say, otherworldly. And its brought home, literally, a very intriguing concept. There are statistically few places in the world that have not felt the instep of a human foot at one point or another. Look around at your own backyard. Who passed through it once upon a time? Even if there isn’t any archaeological evidence for anyone having been there doesn’t mean that it wasn’t once part of a greater mythic landscape which the modern world can but glimpse.

Bibliography

E. S. Curtis, 1907-1930. The North American Indian Courtesy Northwestern University Digital Library
G. W. James, 1917. The Lake of the Sky, Lake Tahoe, in the High Sierras of California.
Include link to Cave Rock website
Sacred Land Film Project: Cave Rock
Site Materials, assorted